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In column we check that the results are not driven by the political instability of the early s by including the Dpol dummy, which Links of London equal to one for the years , and . We interact the trade policy variables with Dpol. We see that the size of the coefficient on ERA increases, remains negative and significant at the per cent level. The coefficient on Dum also remains positive but significant at the per cent level. Looking at Dpol and the interaction terms, we note that their coefficients are negative and insignificant, except the coefficient on the interaction term between Dpol and ERA, which is negative and significant Links of London Bracelets the per cent level. Third, there may be concern that the productivity estimates are just capturing differences in markup and not actual productivity Amiti and Konings. To address this, we control for the degree of competition across manufacturing sectors using our Herfindahl concentration index Dcom. The results in column indicate that Dcom has a positive and insignificant coefficient. Also, we see that including this variable does not significantly affect the magnitude and sign of Dum, but affects the magnitude of ERA. Indeed, the results in column still show a significant negative relationship between firm productivity growth rates Links of London Small Sweetie Golden Bracelet effective protection. Likewise, the coefficient on Dum is still positive and significant. These results are robust to the inclusion of firm characteristics such as the capitallabor ratio, size, age and age squared. The coefficients associated with these firm characteristics are negative and insignificant. Finally, statistically significant differences are not necessarily quantitatively important in explaining firm productivity growth. To assess how important are the results revealed above, Table column reports the results of estimation of productivity growth equation with the independent variables in standardized form i.e. based on the standard deviation of each variable across the full sample. In this form, the estimated coefficients describe the impact on firm productivity growth resulting from a one standard deviation change in each explanatory variable. For instance, a one standard deviation reduction Links of London Sweetie Bracelet With Marine Shell ERA increases firm productivity growth by . percentage points per year. Table depicts the results for the estimations of equation for the two different subperiods, and , respectively using the firm productivity retrieved from the estimations done separately for each subperiod. Concerning the base results in columns and , the estimated coefficients on ERA are negative and significant in both subperiods.